Vitamin B12 history in brief
1850s — English doctor, Thomas Addison, described a lethal “pernicious” form of anemia, related to pathological gastric mucosa. In other words, a destructive but gradual form of anemia appeared when the stomach lining became diseased. He showed that the anemia was associated with the stomach having little or no acid once its lining became diseased.
1926 — Georges Richard Minot and William Parry Murphy reported that 45 patients with pernicious anemia had been cured by eating large quantities of raw liver.
1929 — William Castle discovered that “intrinsic factor” was needed in the stomach in order to absorb extrinsic factor, later known as vitamin B12. He discovered that intrinsic factor was lacking in pernicious anemia patients.
1934 — Minot, Murphy and Whipple received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for their research isolating extrinsic factor and identifying it as a vitamin. Vitamin B12, to be exact.
1948 — Pure vitamin B12 was produced.
1956 — British chemist, Dorothy Hodgkin, described the structure of the vitamin B12 molecule.
1964 — Dorothy Hodgkin received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry.
Pernicious Anemia was fatal
Not only in vitamin B12 history, but in history in general, pernicious anemia was fatal. It was like cancer before there was any known cure.
Turning points in vitamin B12 history came when intrinsic factor was discovered, followed by the identification of the vitamin, B12. The discovery that people with pernicious anemia could be cured by eating quantities of raw liver was a step forward. Raw liver, however, was a rather unpalatable cure. Today, the list of vitamin B12 foods is rich and appetizing.
A leap forward came with the production of vitamin B12. Soon after came the discovery that pernicious anemia patients recovered when given injections of vitamin B12, as cyanocobalamin.
Perhaps not surprisingly, the early identification of anemia linked to vitamin B12 deficiency presents a lingering problem. Once it was known that blood cells in B12 deficient people were larger than normal that became the gold-standard symptom.
The fact B12 deficiency was known to be accompanied by nerve/neuropsychiatric problems was entirely overshadowed by the blood disorder, anemia. The belief was that without large blood cells, there was no B12 deficiency. Unfortunately, that came to be the governing belief.
This inaccurate belief is being whittled away as new “markers” for vitamin B12 deficiency are found. Two markers relating to intracellular functional B12 deficiency are methylmalonic acid and homocysteine.
Pernicious anemia with its lack of intrinsic factor is now thought to be relatively rare. Today it is clear that anemia is only one of many different signs of low vitamin B12 levels.
47% of Americans have Hypochlorhydria?
Hypochlorhydria, less familiar than pernicious anemia, is the condition of not enough stomach acid to separate vitamin B12 from food. An estimated 47% of people in the U.S. have hypochlorhydria, partially due to increased use of antacids marketed as a good source of calcium.
Research shows that smoking, high alcohol consumption, NSAIDS like Ibuprofen, and many prescription drugs reduce B12, as do some common genetic polymorphisms (that is, variations occurring within a species) that affect enzyme activity.
For myself, I think that it may be the case that high stress is the underlying problem that reduces B12. It may be that people smoke and drink to relieve stress because they can feel the damage that the stress is doing. I’m not saying that drinking and smoking are a cure for the problems arising from stress, I’m saying that it’s very possible that when stress is lowered and/or B12 levels are increased there is less desire to smoke and drink, from a purely physical level.
Functional B12 Deficiency
Through scientific testing over a long period it was learned that “functional deficiency,” that is, a deficient distribution of B12 at the cellular level, could come about even though serum levels were normal.
Sadly, the American medical community sees fit to keep the “normal” range extremely low, which fosters confusion and mis-diagnosis.
News reports during 2008 that linked doctor prescriptions with kick backs from drug companies may make the medical community’s favoritism for drugs over nutrients less sad than criminal.
Illustrations
Too little stomach acid results in vitamin B12 remaining trapped in protein. Warning signs of low gastric acid can be found a little better than half way down the linked page.
When there is adequate stomach acid vitamin B12 is released from protein.
You need intrinsic factor before vitamin B12 can be used by your body.
Amazing microscopic view of B12.
While expensive tests are developed to test for B12 deficiency, as for instance using a determination of holotranscobalamin, the transport protein with selectively bound active cobalamin . . . Learning to recognize signs of low B12 in your body is your BEST DEFENSE against the ravages of B12 Malabsorption and low vitamin B12 levels:
Your fingernails reveal your B12 health
